καρη κομαοντες Αχαιοι – long-haired Achaeans
κρειων Αγαμεμνον – powerful Agamemnon
γλαυκωπις Αθηνη – bright-eyed Athena
ποδας ωκεα Ιρις – swift-footed Iris
αρηιφιλος Μενελαος – Ares-beloved Menelaus
Αλεξανδρος θεοειδης – godlike Alexander
κορυθαιολος Εκτωρ – shining-helmed Hector
Continuing the previous post, I also reviewed my note cards of Attic Greek nouns, adjectives, prepositions, etc., with similar results: of 254 Attic words, 163 were found in Homer, and 91 were not. As before, when I say “Homer,” I refer only to the Banner’s lexicon of his “Selections from Homer’s Iliad.”
That’s roughly the same percentages as for the verbs.
Also, most of the words that ARE found in Homer differ from Attic in some parts of their declension.
Among the noteworthy omissions (i.e. Attic words NOT found in Homer) are: αδικος (injustice), βαρβαρος (foreigner), βιβλος (book), γραμμα (letter), δελτος (writing tablet), δικαιος (justice), δουλος (slave), Ελλας (Hellas, i.e. Greece), λογος (word), μικρος (small), μνα (mina), τριηρης (trireme).
αδικος (injustice), δικαιος (justice) – While the root word, δικη (justice), existed, the concept & practice of justice, such as in law-courts figured more prominently in 5th & 4th Century Greece than in earlier times.
βαρβαρος (foreigner) – Homer uses a related word, but relatively high frequency of a word for “foreigner” suggests a stronger “Greek” identity in later times.
βιβλος (book), γραμμα (letter), δελτος (writing tablet) – More inference that the era of the Iliad was illiterate.
Ελλας (Hellas, i.e. Greece) – Homer uses other words to refer to Greece and the Greeks: Achaeans, Danaens, and Argives.
λογος (word), μικρος (small) – I was simply surprised that these basic, simple, common words did not appear.
μνα (mina) – There was no coined money in Homeric times.
τριηρης (trireme) – Triremes hadn’t been developed yet.
Nestor tries to reconcile the quarrel. Achilles makes a final retort. Agamemnon’s men take Briseis from Achilles’ tent.
Nestor strikes me as a bit garrulous, the cliche of the old man who goes on and on about how things were better in his day. Continue reading
Achilles is tempted to attack Agamemnon, but Athena restrains him. He swears to retire to his tent. Old Nestor tries to make peace.
Athena is sent by Hera to hold Achilles back. She appears to him, but in line 198: Continue reading
In a council, Achilles and Agamemnon argue about their prizes, young women captured in raids.
One aspect of Homer that makes him easier to tackle than Attic Greek is his repetition. Of course, the Homeric epics were originally recited or sang, and were only written down later. Repetition helped the ancient bards as much as it helps the modern student. A notable form of repetition is the frequent use of the same epithets: Continue reading
“Sing, Muse, of the wrath of Achilles.” That’s the most popular translation of line 1 of the Iliad. And it’s a good one.
Lattimore goes for the more literal “Sing, goddess, the anger of Peleus’ son Achilleus.” Lattimore is my guide to the Iliad. His literal translation is wonderful for the mid-level student. Fagles is more flowing for the English reader, but when you want word-for-word, Lattimore is the man. Continue reading
I’ve been flailing around with ancient Greek for over three years; now is the year to get serious. Although my original goal was to read Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey in Homeric Greek, I started my study in the Fall of 2006 with Attic Greek, a quite different dialect. There are more textbooks for Attic; it is considered the most “elevated” dialect, and it is the language of classical Athens, writers like Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, Lysias, Sophocles, etc. “It seemed like a good idea at the time.” Continue reading
How different is Homeric Greek from Attic? A common question, which is hard to answer or quantify.
Here’s one answer, based only on a partial review of my index cards of Attic Greek verbs.
Having looked at 213 verb cards (all fairly common Attic Greek), I found 134 in Homer, and 79 were not found. To be precise, 134 were found in “Selections from Homer’s Iliad,” by Banner; so some of the 79 might be found elsewhere in Homer, but certainly are not terribly common.
Just guessing, I’d say that there are somewhat fewer Homeric verbs NOT FOUND in Attic. A Venn diagram of the total (the union of the sets) might yield something like 50% found in both, 30% only in Attic, and 20% only in Homer.
The differences are interesting. 30 of the 79 Attic verbs not appearing in Homer are compound verbs, beginning with prepositional prefixes like απο-, δια-, εξ-, επι-, κατα-, μετα-, παρα-, συν-, υπο-. The process of grafting the prepositions onto the verbs was ongoing during the evolution of the Iliad. Interestingly, the verbs γραφω, “to write,” and αναγιγνωσκω, “to read,” are not found in Homer, a strong inference that the Iliad was originally composed in a pre-literate era. Two impersonal verbs, δει and δοκει, quite common words in Attic, are not found in Homer.
Other strictly Attic words represent the different social conditions, and the more legalistic, analytical, and political times: απολογεομαι “to speak in defense (in court),” γυμναζω “to train/exercise in a gymnasium,” δαπαναω “to spend/expend (money),” διαγιγνωσκω “to distinguish, to decide (a lawsuit),” ζητεω “to seek, examine, investigate,” κατηγορεω “to accuse (in open court),” πολιτυεω “to be a citizen, to participate in politics.”
Of the 134 that are common to both dialects, their meanings are usually the same. While shades of meaning may vary, I only found one verb, ελεγχω, with wholly different meanings: “to cross examine, prove, refute,” in Attic; “to put to shame, to bring reproach on” in Homeric.
Several verbs for very common, basic actions: “eat, go, need, enjoy, come/go,” are irregular in both dialects and, unsurprisingly, those irregularities do not match up. Some of them share the same basic root, but are spelled quite differently.